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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. penis enlargement traction device plastic surgery penis elargement penis enlargement information enlarement forum free matter penis size penile enlargment surgery pennis enlargement surgeon pennis enlargement without pills medical penis enlarement

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Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects the lives of many middle-aged men and their partners. The term erectile dysfunction covers a range of disorders, but usually refers to the inability to obtain an adequate erection for satisfactory sexual activity. Although erectile dysfunction, formerly called impotence, is more common in men older than 65, it can occur at any age. An occasional episode of erectile dysfunction happens to most men and is normal. As men age, it's also normal to experience changes in erectile function. Erections may take longer to develop, may not be as rigid or may require more direct stimulation to be achieved. Men may also notice that orgasms are less intense, the volume of ejaculate is reduced and recovery time increases between erections. Erectile dysfunction may also be a sign of a physical or emotional problem that requires treatment. Erectile dysfunction was once a taboo subject, but more men are seeking help. Doctors are gaining a better understanding of what causes erectile dysfunction and are finding new and better treatments. What is Erectile Dysfunction? Erectile dysfunction or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. There are various underlying causes, such as diabetes, many of which are medically reversible. The causes may be physiological or psychological. Psychological impotence can often be helped by almost anything that the patient believes in; there is a very strong placebo effect. Due to its embarrassing nature and the shame felt by sufferers, the subject was taboo for a long time, and is the subject of many urban legends. Folk remedies have long been advocated, with some being advertised widely since the 1930s. The introduction of perhaps the first pharmacologically effective remedy for impotence, sildenafil (trade name Viagra), in the 1990s caused a wave of public attention, propelled in part by the news-worthiness of stories about it and heavy advertising. The Latin term impotentia coeundi describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina. It is now mostly replaced by more precise terms. Signs and symptoms: Erectile dysfunction is characterized by the inability to maintain erection. Normal erections during sleep and in the early morning suggest a psychogenic cause, while loss of these erections may signify underlying disease, often cardiovascular in origin. Other things leading to erectile dysfunction are diabetes mellitus (causing neuropathy) or hypogonadism (decreased testosterone levels due to disease affecting the testicles or the pituitary gland). Here are some causes of ED: * Arousal: The first step is sexual arousal, which men obtain from the senses of sight, touch, hearing and smell, and from thoughts. * Nervous system response : The brain communicates the sexual excitation to the body's nervous system, which activates increased blood flow to the penis. * Blood vessel response:. A relaxing action occurs in the blood vessels that supply the penis, allowing more blood to flow into the shafts that produce the erection. Physiology of normal erections: Penile erections involve an integration of complex physiologic processes involving the CNS, peripheral nervous system, and hormonal and vascular systems. Any abnormality involving these systems, whether from medication or disease, has a significant impact on the ability to develop and sustain an erection, ejaculate, and experience orgasm. Tumescence, the vascular filling of the cavernous bodies, relies on neural and hormonal mechanisms operating at various levels of the neural axis. This is unique among visceral functions because it requires central neurological input. Andersson et al summarized some of the information related to the pathways involved in erectile function. The degree of contraction of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle determines the functional state of the penis. The balance between contraction and relaxation is controlled by central and peripheral factors that involve many transmitters and transmitter systems. At the cellular level, smooth muscle relaxation occurs following the release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic nerves. Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction : ED is essentially a vascular disease. It is often associated with other vascular diseases and conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Other conditions associated with ED include neurologic disorders, endocrinopathies, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and depression. Conditions associated with reduced nerve and endothelium function, such as aging, hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, alter the balance between contraction and relaxation factors. These conditions cause circulatory and structural changes in penile tissues, resulting in arterial insufficiency and defective smooth muscle relaxation. In some patients, sexual dysfunction may be the presenting symptom of these disorders. Treatment: An alternative model is the patient goal-oriented approach as suggested by Tom Lue, MD, in which a minimum of testing is performed. The patient and his partner express a preference for reasonable and appropriate treatment options and work with the physician to implement this plan. The availability of three phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, ie, sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis), has permanently altered the medical management of ED. Many patients no longer expect or are willing to undergo a long evaluation and testing process to obtain a better understanding of their sexual problem, and they are less likely to involve their partner in a discussion of their sexual relationship with the physician. And there is a Natural alternative way to treat ED also like some herbal remedies, that are famous now. It's just because it has no side-effect and also 100% effective. http://cure-impotence.net vimax truth about penis enlargement pills manual penis enlargement exercise natural penis enargement pills best penile enlargment pills free pnis enlargement pills safe penile enlargment vimax surgical penis enlargement natural penis enargement exercise penile enlargement photo

Medical professionals estimate that of over 100 strains of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) approximately 30 strains of the virus are known to lead to genital warts. Genital warts are classified as a sexually transmitted disease, yet the exchange of bodily fluids during sexual intercourse is not required for the virus to spread. The highly contagious genital warts are transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. The human Papilloma Virus that causes genital warts is transferable through oral sex, and genital HPV strains have been detected in warts that have formed in the mouth and throat. Once infected, it is also possible to spread genital warts to other parts of your body by scratching an infected area and then touching another body part, particularly in the genital area. It is important to wash your hands thoroughly should you accidentally come in contact with the genital warts on your body or come in contact with them during the application of a topical treatment. Vertical transmission is the name given to the transferal of genital warts from mother to baby during childbirth. While it is possible for a mother with genital warts to deliver a baby vaginally without transferal, there are some accounts of infection to the newborn from the mother. Though there is no hard proof that genital warts can be transferred from fomites—objects that carry viral diseases from one person to another—it is still good practice not to deliberately use a towel or other personal item that may have come in contact with genital warts. The effectiveness of your immune system plays a significant roll in the appearance of physical symptoms of genital warts and the degree to which they are present. For some, the physical signs of genital warts may appear in months. For other individuals, the appearance may take years. Human Papilloma Viruses are generally classified into two categories: • High risk strains: those likely to lead to cancer of the cervix, anus, vagina, throat, or penis • Low risk strains: those likely to lead to genital warts The individual strains of the Human Papilloma Virus that have been identified have each been assigned a number for reference purposes. Of the thirty strains identified as sexually transmitted, the following are more prevalent and considered high risk strains: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 58 and 69. Oral strains include: 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, and 32. Low risk stains, those which can lead to genital warts, include: 6, 11, 42, and 43. Clinically known as Condylomata Acuminata, genital warts or venereal warts are one of the most prevalent forms of sexually transmitted disease. Annually, approximately 5.5 million new cases of the Genital Human Papilloma Virus are reported. Though 20 million Americans are believed to have genital HPV, less than 4% of those people have been diagnosed or are being treated for the virus. Most people show no physical symptoms and do not know that they have the virus. 90% of all reported cases of genital warts are of the low risk variety, strain number 6 or 11. penis enlargment technique vimax penis enlargement tip vimax pills medical penile enlargment penis enlargment before and after picture natural penile enlargment pills penis enargement before and after cheap penis enlargement pill penile enlargement photo

The desire to increase semen production is common among men throughout world and the reasons are various; ranging from hopes of increased fertility to a desire for a more intense orgasmic experience. While many men are content to sit on the sidelines and wish, many others are finding out that the ability to increase semen production is easier to achieve than most believe. There are a number of men would like to increase semen production, but due to certain circumstances, they believe that they will be unable to achieve this goal. For example, some men believe that difficulty in maintaining an erection or experiences with premature ejaculation might create a situation where increased semen production is impossible. While it is true that either scenario will cause a reduction in sperm count, there are supplements that can help control these symptoms in addition to aiding in increased semen production. For those who wish to increase semen production, it has been discovered that the best way to achieve the goal is by utilizing supplements that have been scientifically designed for this specific purpose. While many methods have been tried throughout time, none have been able to meet the efficiency of natural supplements. For example, the previously promoted penis exercises, while thought to have been beneficial at one point in time, have recently been proven to be highly damaging to the penis and should not be practiced. The use of supplements has been accepted as not only a much safer route, but also a more effective one. Intense research has discovered the key to developing more ejaculation fluid lies in supplements providing a high level of amino acids. Many male enhancement herbal supplements include amino acids and are known to be quite successful not only in increasing the sperm count, but also in rectifying other issues of male virility, such as erection quality, stamina, and desire. Often termed sperm pills, the majority of these supplements include natural ingredients. A variety of these products are available on the market, and there are websites dedicated to comparing and reviewing different products for consumer review. It is important to note that sperm pills combat not only virility issues such as erection quality and stamina, but also the ejaculation process, itself. Not all male enhancement products contain the necessary high level of amino acids to increase semen production or be properly termed sperm pills. Because of this, some research into the ingredients that the different supplements contain is necessary. The use of one of sperm pills can greatly enhance one’s sexual experience in addition to increasing semen production and sperm activity. The additional ejaculation fluid produced will result in increased intensity and duration of one’s orgasms. free penile enlargment video pnis enlargement secret medical penis enlargement plus review vigrx cheap penis enlarement penis enlargement photo enlargement free penis pill sample cheap penis enlagement pills penile enlargement photo

Puberty is a difficult time for girls; they are between two worlds; girl & woman. Girls can experience rapid growth, breast enlargement, vaginal secretions, pubic, armpit, and leg hair growth. They can also feel discomfort, and pain caused by growing breast and their menstrual cycle. There are also many chemical and physical changes that can affect a girl’s behavior, and attitude. These changes are often accompanied by mood swings, which may include sadness, excitability, depression, and an increased interest in her sexuality. These changes are a normal part of puberty, experienced by all girls. Girls may also display a greater need for privacy and personal space during puberty. It is important for a girl to have some space, and privacy. Being able to get away from things can have a positive impact on girls’ emotions. But they must be careful not to distant themselves from family during this time. Things like peer pressure, relationships, and family life can seem difficult. Talking to family can be a great benefit during this time. It is important to keep up communication, talking can help make the transition of puberty much easier. For more information about puberty, breast developments, and bra sizes, please visit http://www.myfirstbra.us.