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It can be surprising to realize that an organ as high-powered and sophisticated as the brain also has a plumbing system. And, as the case with a house's plumbing, the drainage side of the system can get gummed up. But the symptoms are different. When a home's drainage backs up, well...I won't go there. When the brain's drainage system backs up, the brain's owner can become confused, incontinent of urine and unsteady on his or her feet.
The plumbing system in question is that which produces and drains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normal CSF looks the same as water from a faucet, but is created from the bloodstream in the choroid plexus tissue within three of the brain's four inner chambers -- the right and left "lateral" ventricles and the midline "fourth" ventricle, but not the interposed, midline "third" ventricle. The CSF percolates through passageways from one ventricle to another, finally emerging through openings at the base of the brain to bathe the outer surfaces of the brain and spinal cord before getting reabsorbed into the bloodstream again. This re-absorption occurs in special collection-nodes in the membranes surrounding the brain. The entire CSF volume of about 150 milliliters or five ounces (about as much as a glass of wine) is produced and reabsorbed four times a day, so the fluid is constantly turning over.
But blockages along the way can interfere with the normal flow of the CSF. For example, when the passageway between the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or choked with sludge, the CSF backs into the lateral and third ventricles. Those ventricles react to the increased pressure by becoming physically dilated or enlarged. In this case, a CT or MRI scan could reveal the location of the blockage by showing expansion of the two lateral and the single third ventricles, but a normal-sized fourth ventricle. Another example of a blockage and its consequences is when the collection-nodes responsible for CSF re-absorption in the brain's overlying membranes (meninges) become clogged. In this case, all four ventricles are upstream from the blockage, and all four of them expand. This, too, is visible on brain scans.
Both cases are examples of hydrocephalus, or water on the brain. The first case is one of "internal" or high-pressure hydrocephalus. The second is called "external" or normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In NPH the pressure is inexplicably normal much of the time, but the term is somewhat misleading because prolonged recordings with pressure-monitors do show intermittent periods of increased pressure.
Hydrocephalus of one kind or another is especially prevalent at the two extremes of the life cycle -- in the very young and the very old -- but can occur at any age. In infancy, hydrocephalus can be caused by malformed brain-tissue. In contrast, adults with hydrocephalus were usually born with normal brain anatomy, but acquired a blockage due to a tumor, injury, bleed or infection. However, many cases of hydrocephalus in adults occur without a history of these preceding illnesses.
CT and MRI scans are sensitive tools in detecting hydrocephalus, particularly when it's striking enough not be confused with ventricular enlargement due to gradual loss of surrounding brain tissue from aging. The main treatment of hydrocephalus is for a surgeon to insert a tube (shunt) into one of the swollen lateral ventricles and provide an alternative pathway for the backed-up CSF to drain. Once the shunt equipment is in place, a piece of hardware about the size of a large button sits outside the hole made in the skull (but inside the skin of the scalp) and redirects the excess CSF through another tube into either a jugular vein in the neck or into the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). Thus, the patient can receive either a "VJ" shunt or a "VP" shunt, with the letters designating the locations of the two ends of the shunt.
The success or failure of shunting depends not just on the skill of the surgeon, but also on the selection of appropriate patients. Sometimes hydrocephalus turns up unexpectedly on scans when doctors are looking for something else entirely. Although an unexpected finding like this should always cause the doctors to re-think the case, the point is that hydrocephalus doesn't always cause problems. Sometimes the hydrocephalus has been there for years and the brain has adjusted to it in a way that produces no symptoms. This is an example of a case that should not be shunted, though it would still be appropriate to monitor the patient and his or her scans over subsequent months and years.
Who, then, should receive a shunt? The answer, in short, is people for whom the benefits of the operation exceed its risks. Identifying them, however, is the tough part. And the task is made even more difficult by the lack of randomized, controlled trials in which a group of patients receiving treatment is compared to an equivalent group of patients not receiving treatment. Although similar reasoning applies to adults thought to have internal (high-pressure) hydrocephalus, I'll lay out the decision-tree as it applies to external (normal-pressure) hydrocephalus. Published observations imply that shunts are most likely to help NPH patients who have the following features:substantial enlargement of all four ventricles a full "triad" of symptoms, including confusion, urinary incontinence and altered walking poor walking as the first of the three symptoms temporary improvement of symptoms after drainage of 50-60 milliliters (2 ounces) of CSF by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) The elderly patients most at risk for NPH are also at increased risk for other diseases, and the shunting operation doesn't help symptoms produced by other causes. For example, confusion can be caused by Alzheimer's disease and strokes. Urinary incontinence can be due to prostate disease in men and sagging pelvic tissue in women. Walking can be disrupted by arthritis, fractured bones, low vision, inner-ear disease, Parkinson's disease and many other unrelated processes.
So it's important for the doctor to determine if other diseases might be to blame for the very symptoms that seem, at first glance, to be from NPH. Assuming that NPH still seems likely, the next round of decision-making concerns the possibility that an operation will cause harm. Even a patient whose brain scan and symptoms are classic for NPH can develop serious complications from the operation. A particularly feared complication is bleeding into the space outside the brain, called a subdural hematoma. Older patients are also more likely to have other medical conditions that could compromise the safety of an operation, like coronary artery disease or emphysema.
Cases in which expected benefits of the operation are much greater than risks, or in which the risks are much greater than the expected benefits, are easy to make decisions about. But many other cases are in the gray zone in which potential benefits and risks are more evenly matched and the chances of doing harm with an operation come close to canceling out the chances of doing good.
(C) 2006 by Gary Cordingley
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It seems as if the health of America is failing. One million Americans will die of circulatory disease this year. Six hundred thousand lives will be cut short by cancer as well. How did we get in such a mess? I’m not sure. But there is a way out that is starting to generate a real buzz! Since CNN and the gang won’t talk about it I decided to write is article.
Dear readers, I want to introduce you to the most nutrient dense food on the earth; wolfberries, or more specifically Lycium Barbarum.
The western scientific community have verified what Chinese and Tibetan health practitioners have known for thousands of years. Wolfberries are the healthiest known food on our planet. In this report I will be talking specifically about wolfberries. In my research on the subject I found that not all wolfberries are created equal. The three most potent berries in the wolfberry family are Tibetan Goji berries, Chinese Xinjiang wolfberries and Chinese Ningxia wolfberries which all belong to the Lycium genus.
Wolfberries, a national treasure in China, have been used in traditional Chinese folk medicine for over 5,000 years. Ancient Chinese medical texts celebrated wolfberries for their wide range of health benefits including strengthening the ‘chi” or life force of the body. The people who consumed this fruit apparently lived free of common diseases like arthritis, cancer and diabetes. Moreover, their life expectancy has reached over 100 years!
In 1988, the Beijing Nutrition Research Institute conducted detailed chemical analysis and nutritional composition studies of the dried wolfberry fruit. Hold on to your socks, this is what they discovered. In addition to being packed with vitamins B1 and B6 (which is needed by the body to convert food into energy), and vitamin E (which has never been found in fruit before), wolfberries contain more protein then whole wheat, 18 amino acids (8 of them essential for life), 21 trace minerals (including significant amounts of zinc, iron, copper, calcium, selenium, phosphorus and germanium; a very rare anti-cancer agent almost never found in food), more beta carotene than carrots, 500 times more vitamin C by weight than oranges, essential fatty acids (required for the production of hormones and smooth functioning of the brain and nervous system) and is the richest source of carotenoids (natural fat-soluble pigments that play a critical role in vitamin A activity in humans) of any food on the planet. That’s not all.
Here is a short list of other health promoting compounds found in Lycium Barbarum:
Beta Sitosterol: An anti-inflammatory agent found to lower cholesterol, and used to treat sexual impotence and prostrate enlargement.
Zeaxanthin and Lutine: Valued for their role in protecting the eyes.
Betaine: Used by the liver to produce Choline which assists detoxification reactions in the liver. Betaine is known to protect DNA, enhance memory, promote muscle growth and protects us from fatty liver disease.
Cyperone: A sesquiterpene used in treatment of cervical cancer. It is also known to benefit heart and blood pressure problems as well as menstruation problems.
Solavetivone: A powerful anti-fungal and anti-bacterial agent.
Physalin: A natural compound that boosts the immune system. Found to be effective in treating leukaemia, hepatitis B and cancer.
A laboratory procedure was recently developed to measure the amount of antioxidants the foods we eat contain. The procedure known as ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) was developed by Dr. Guohua Cao at USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, USA. ORAC is one of the most sensitive and reliable methods for measuring the ability of antioxidants to absorb free radicals. It is the only test to combine both time and degree of inhibition of free radicals.
According to Tufts University, the average person needs approximately 3,000 to 5,000 ORAC units per day to have a significant impact on plasma and tissue antioxidant capacity. Three servings of fruits and vegetables per day provide approximately 1200 ORAC units. This means the average person is short by up to 3800 ORAC units each day, depending on the fruits and vegetables they are choosing and their body’s requirements. To make up the difference, experts recommend supplementing our diet with high ORAC foods to become and stay healthy and slow down the aging process caused by free radical damage.
Lycium Barbarum was rated the food with the highest antioxidant ability coming in at an amazing 3,472 ORAC units per fluid oz. Some of the other notable mentions are vitamin E oil at 3,309, pomegranates at 3,037, blueberries 2,400, raspberries 1,220.
Wolfberries have been found to have extremely high levels of immune-stimulating polysaccharides. What are polysaccharides? Polysaccharides are very large, long-chain sugar molecules that are nourishment for macrophages (large white blood cells) in the gut wall. The macrophages are then transported to other immune cells, setting off a chain of defensive events in our bodies.
Several years ago German researchers isolated polysaccharides from Echinacea purpurea (often used in medicinal formulations) and mixed them with macrophages in test tubes. They found that the polysaccharides profoundly activated the macrophages, stimulating them to effectively kill tumour cells! Also it was found macrophages increased their production of interleukin, a chemical which spurs the immune system to greater activity, and the polysaccharides also enhanced the activity of B lymphocytes, immune-system cells which fight bacterial infections.
Below are the results of a 2002 study on the effects of a Ningxia wolfberry product on phagocytes. First, why should we care about phagocytes? Phagocytes are a crucial component of the immune system and are found in the spleen. They digest foreign substances that invade the body including bacteria and other disease causing organisms. Having large numbers of phagocytes in the spleen will enable the body to more quickly eliminate foreign substances and thus prevent the development of potential illness. The effects were astounding. Spleenic phagocyte cell counts (immune cells) increased by 81% and the ORAC (antioxidant capacity) the subjects' whole blood increased as well. Essentially, you could say the subjects’ blood became younger.
The conclusion I have come to after doing this research is: I believe this little fruit can change the health of the world.
Thank you for spending the time to read my article. My hope is that you have learned something useful and will put that knowledge to use for your own sake and the ones you love.
Sincerely, Paul Brelin
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Before we get into discussing Cialis and other erectile dysfunction medications. Lets discuss what erectile dysfunction (ED) is. When a man can't get an erection to have sex or can't keep an erection long enough to finish having sex, it's called erectile dysfunction. Complete erectile dysfunction is known as impotence. Erectile dysfunction can occur at any age, but is more common in men age 65 and order.
There are many way to treat erectile dysfunction. These treatments include Oral medications (ie. Viagra (Sildenafil), Cialis (Tadalafil), and Levitra (Vardenafil). As well as injection therapy, muse intra-urethral therapy, hormone replacement therapy, surgical implants, vacuum pump, vascular surgery, and psychological counseling.
One of the most popular treatments available is oral medication. The big three available for treating erectile dysfunction are Viagra (Sildenafil), Cialis (Tadalafil) and Levitra (Vardenafil). The first to be approved by the FDA was Viagra, in 1998. Levitra and Cialis soon followed and were approved in 2003. Since their inception, millions of prescriptions have been written for these (ED) medications.
Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis are chemically known as phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. These three medications perform in a similar fashion. They do not cause an immediate erection, but they due allow an erection to occur when there is sexual stimulation. This erection occurs when the chemical inhibitors block the chemical in the penis that normally causes an erection to subside. This increases the amount of blood to the penis, which causes the penis to become erect and stay erect.
Viagra has shown to be an effective treatment for ED, with approximately 70% of Viagra patients reporting a positive response. Although Levitra and Cialis have only been on the market since 2003, they are also showing success rates like those of Viagra. While these medications have many of the same characteristics, they also have differences.
The variables are dosage, duration of effectiveness and possible side effects. For example, Viagra and Levitra both start working after about 30 minutes. With Viagra, the effects last for about 4 hours. On the other hand, the effects of Levitra last for around 5 hours. Cialis is supposed to be the fastest acting of the three, with effects taking place within 15 minutes and lasting for up to 36 hours. Individuals who test all three medications often come to different conclusions about which drug works better for them. At the present there has been no study comparing these three medications. And since Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra work in the same way, it’s very probable that if you have failed with one, you will most likely fail with the other.
Although Viagra, Levitra and Cialis have been beneficial for many men, some men should not use these drugs, due to interactions with other drug prescriptions and other health conditions. Men who have suffered a heart attack, stroke, or life-threatening heart rhythm in the last six months should not use these medications. As these drugs can cause dangerous reactions with other drugs, they should not be taken with nitrate medications, alpha-blocking medications, or with the drug Amyl nitrate.
There are also possible side effects when using Viagra, Levitra, or Cialis, including rash, headaches, facial flushing, nasal congestion, painful erection, chest pain, indigestion and visual disturbances. Before taking any medication, always consult your physician about possible side effects and any possible health and drug interactions.
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ED or erectile dysfunction is one of the major concerns to a happy married life. Erectile dysfunction is also defined as impotence which is also explained as the situations when men are unable to have a proper penile erection though fully aroused.
Erectile dysfunction is not only one of the major obstacles when thinking about a successful physical relation but it is one of the major causes which makes a man lose his courage and motivation while performing any other tasks at his home or working place.
Impotence is defined as the major element behind disputes in a married life and social life. Not only this it sometimes creates hassles in reproduction also creating blunders to the lives of men and their partners.
Impotence or erectile dysfunction occurs because of the absence of nerves between brain and penis which actually act as stimulants at times of intercourse. In the absence of these nerves the blood flow from the brain to penis gets lowered hence allowing low penile erection or early ejaculation at times.
Understanding the effects and criticality of impotence in one’s married life medications like tablets and jellies have been introduced into the market. Those who prefer Generic treatments to other branded treatments Generic Viagra is the most reliable and popular treatment available today. Generic Viagra a quicker and reliable source of getting a safer penile erection allowing the partners get a proper satisfaction from their love making.
Generic Viagra is available in different dosage forms as 100 mg tablets, soft tablets and jellies depending on the preference of users. Generic Viagra guarantees a quicker and safer result with cheap prices and the flexibility to make love when you want to.
It offers the users a quicker result within 30 minutes of its intake and gives a long lasting result up to 4-6 hrs from its consumption allowing the user to attain the maximum out of his intercourse. These wonder pills are very popular with the name of Kamagra which is considered to be the power booster to alls married lives.
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Iodine was discovered in burnt sea weed in 1811 by B. Courtois, and isolated in 1819 by Fyfe. It was fond in 1896 by E. Baumann that the thyroid gland was very rich in Iodine when compared with the other tissues. Iodine was one of the first minerals recognized as vital for good health. Iodine is am important trace element for healthy thyroid gland, which kills harmful germs, makes up it own hormone (thyroxin) and rebuilds energy. It is required for the synthesis of the thyroxin hormones-thyroxin and triodothyronine. It is present in the secretions of thyroid gland.
Iodine is grayish black in colour, and gives corrosive fumes of a rich violet colour on heating.
Recommended Daily Allowance: The RDA IS 80 mcg for children and 150 mcg for adults. The requirement for growing children, pregnant and lactating women is more. Excess of Iodine will cause nasal moisture.
Dietary Sources: Iodine is available in traces in water, food, common salts. It is very rarely found in high mountains and altitudes. Iodine found in sea-water is 0.2 mg per litre. Sea weeds and spongy shells are very rich in Iodine. The best sources are sea fish, ser salt, green vegetables and leaves like spinach grown on iodine rich soil. The common sources are milk, meat, and cereals. About 90% of the Iodine intake is obtained from the food consumed, and the remainder from the water. Common salt fortified with small quantities of sodium or potassium iodate is now compulsorily made available in the market as Iodised Salt to check goitre. Iodised poppyseed oil is also used where salt iodisation is not possible.
Rice sources of Iodine in mcg per 100 gm of edible portion of food: Egg-9, Spinach-20, Sea foods-30 to 300, Iodised salt-7600.
Certain vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower and radish contain glucosinolates (thiogluosides) which are potential goitrogens. Eating too much of these foods inhibit the availability of Iodine to the body from the food and thus lead to development of goitre. Consumption of water containing chlorine will also have Iodine lost of the body.
Functions in the Body: Dietary organic Iodine taken by mouth is readily absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract into the blood. The iodine metabolism is controlled by thyroid. Iodine is an essential life. The total quantity in body is 25 mg, and half of it is in the thyroid as thyroglobulin, a complex of protein and iodine. About 30% is removed by the thyroid gland for the synthesis of the thyroid hormone, thyroxin, and the rest is excreted by the kidneys. Its concentration in thyroid gland is very high as compared to that in muscles and blood.
Iodine is present in blood as inorganic iodine in the plasma and corpuscles and varies from 0.5-1.0 mcg per 100 ml. And also as bound iodine-Thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the plasma in combination with alpha-globulin. It is called protein-bound iodine and is 5-8 mcg per 100 ml.
Thyroxin, the thyroid hormone, controls the basic metabolism and oxygen consumption of tissues. It controls the utilization of sugars. It regulates the rate of energy production, and promotes proper growth. Iodine reduces tension, keeps body and mind calm, and keeps skin, hair, teeth, nail etc in healthy condition and form. Iodine helps in the chemical synthesis of cholesterol, thus checking its build up in arteries. Extra fat in the body is also burnt by Iodine. It increases the heart rate as well as urinary calcium excretion.
Deficiency Indicators: When the amount of the thyroid hormone in the serum is decreased, the pituitary gland releases a thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) which causes the thyroid gland to produce more cells and to increase in size in an attempt to manufacture more hormones. This leads to enlargement of thyroid gland known as simple goitre, and swelling of feet or toes, enlarged glands, excessive hunger, neuralgic pains in the heart etc. Other may show signs of slowed reflexes, deafness, and poor learning. Iodine deficiency or total loss will affect our mental and physical activity, obesity, and hardening of blood vessels. A dietary lack of iodine may cause anemia, tireness, laziness, loss of interest in sex, a slow pulse, low blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol/triglyceride leading to heart disease.
Among children where diet lacks in iodine, cretin-a dwarfed child with mental retardation, enlarged thyroid gland, defective speech, and clumsy gait is created. His skin is rough, and hair sparse, with brittle nails, bad teeth, and anaemic. More on Iodine Benefits, Dosage, Deficiency, Sources
